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Benjamin Rush January 4, [ O. December 24, rush essay review, ] — April 19, was a signer of the Rush essay review States Declaration of Independence and a civic leader in Philadelphia, where he was a physician, politician, social reformer, humanitarian, and educator and the founder of Dickinson College.
Rush attended the Continental Congress. Rush was a leader of the American Enlightenment and an enthusiastic supporter of the American Revolution. He was a leader in Pennsylvania's ratification of the Constitution in He was prominent in many reforms, especially in the areas of medicine and education. He opposed slavery, advocated free public schools, and sought improved education for women, and a more enlightened penal system.
As a leading physician, Rush had a major impact on the emerging medical profession. As an Enlightenment intellectual, he was committed to organizing all medical knowledge around explanatory theories, rather than rely on empirical methods. Rush argued that illness was the result of imbalances in the body's physical system and was caused by malfunctions in the brain, rush essay review.
His approach prepared the way for later medical research, but Rush himself undertook none of it. He promoted public health by advocating clean environment and stressing the importance of personal and military hygiene. His study of mental disorder made him one of the founders of American psychiatry. Benjamin Rush was born to John Rush and Susanna Hall on January 4, December 24, O.
The family, of English descent, [7] lived on a plantation in the Township of Byberry in Philadelphia Countyabout 14 miles outside of Rush essay review the township was incorporated into Philadelphia in Benjamin was the fourth of seven children. John Rush died in July at age thirty-nine, leaving his mother, who ran a country store, to care for the family.
At age eight, Benjamin was sent to live with an aunt and uncle to receive an education. Inafter further studies at the College rush essay review New Jersey now Princeton UniversityRush graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree at age fourteen.
From toRush apprenticed under Dr, rush essay review. John Redman in Philadelphia. Redman encouraged him to further his studies at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, where Rush studied from to and earned an M. While at Edinburgh, he became a friend of the Earl of Leven and his family, including William Leslie.
Returning to the Colonies inRush opened a medical practice in Rush essay review and became Professor of Chemistry at the College of Philadelphia. Rush was active in the Sons of Liberty and was elected to attend the provincial conference to send delegates to the Continental Congress. Thomas Paine consulted Rush when writing the profoundly influential pro-independence pamphlet Common Sense. Starting in Rush represented Pennsylvania and signed the Declaration of Independence.
While Rush was representing Pennsylvania in the Continental Congress and serving on its Medical Committeehe also used his medical skills in the field. Rush accompanied the Philadelphia militia during the battles after which the British occupied Philadelphia and most of New Jersey.
He was depicted serving in the Battle of Princeton in the painting The Death of General Mercer at the Battle of Princeton, January 3, by the American artist John Trumbull.
The Army Medical Service was in disarray, between the military casualties, extremely high losses due to typhoidyellow fever and other camp illnesses, political conflicts between Dr. John Morgan and Dr. William Shippen, Jr. Rush's order "Directions for preserving the health of soldiers" became one of the foundations of preventive military medicine and was repeatedly republished, including as late as Shippen's misappropriation of food and wine supplies intended to comfort hospitalized soldiers, under-reporting of patient deaths, and failure to visit the hospitals under his command, ultimately led to Rush's resignation in Rush criticized General George Washington in two handwritten but unsigned letters while still rush essay review under the Surgeon General.
One, to Virginia Governor Patrick Henry dated October 12,quoted General Thomas Conway saying that if rush essay review for God's grace the ongoing war would have been lost by Washington and his weak counselors.
Henry forwarded the letter to Washington, despite Rush's request that the criticism be conveyed orally, and Washington recognized the handwriting. At the time, rush essay review, the supposed Conway Cabal was reportedly trying to replace Washington with Horatio Gates rush essay review commander-in-chief.
Shippen sought Rush's resignation and received it by the end of the month after Continental Congress delegate John Witherspoonchairman of a committee to investigate Morgan's and Rush's charges of misappropriation and mismanagement against Shippen, told Rush his complaints would not produce reform.
In a letter to John Adams inRush wrote, "He [Washington] was the highly favored instrument whose patriotism and name contributed greatly to the establishment rush essay review the independence of the United States. In his bookDavid McCullough quotes Rush, referring to George Washington:. There is not a king in Europe that would not look like a valet de chambre by his side. Inhe was appointed to the staff of Pennsylvania Hospitaland he remained a member until his death.
He was elected to the Pennsylvania convention which adopted the Federal constitution and was appointed treasurer of the United States Mintserving from to He became a professor of medical theory and clinical practice at the University of Pennsylvania inthough the quality of his medicine was quite primitive even for the time: he advocated bloodletting for almost any illness, long after its practice had declined.
He became a social activist and an abolitionist and was the most well-known physician in America at the time of his death. While teaching at the University of Pennsylvania, one of his students was future president William Henry Harrisonwho took a chemistry class from Rush. He was also founder of Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Inhe was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
In the Philadelphia yellow fever epidemicRush treated patients with bleeding, calomel, and other early medicinal techniques that often were ineffective and actually brought many patients closer to their deathbeds. Rush's ideas on yellow fever treatments differed from those of many experienced French doctors, who came from the West Indies where they had yellow fever outbreaks every year.
Rush was a founding member of the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons known today as the Pennsylvania Prison Society [24]which greatly influenced the construction of Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia. InThomas Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis to Philadelphia to prepare for the Lewis and Clark Expedition under the tutelage of Rush, who taught Lewis rush essay review frontier illnesses and the performance of bloodletting.
Rush provided the corps with a medical kit that included:. Inwhen Rush set out for his studies in Edinburgh, he was outraged by the sight of slave ships in Liverpool harbor.
As a prominent Presbyterian doctor and professor of chemistry in Philadelphia, he provided a bold and respected voice against the slave trade. He warmly praised the ministry of "Black Harry" Hosierthe freedman circuit rider who accompanied Bishop Francis Asbury during the rush essay review of the Methodist Church in America, [31] but the highlight of his involvement was the pamphlet he wrote in entitled "An Address to the Inhabitants of the British Settlements in America, rush essay review, upon Slave-Keeping.
Rush argued scientifically that Negroes were not by nature intellectually or morally inferior, rush essay review. Any apparent evidence to the contrary was only the perverted expression of slavery, which "is so foreign to the human mind, that the moral faculties, as well as those of the understanding are debased, and rendered torpid by it. InRush read a paper before the American Philosophical Society which argued that the "color" and "figure" of blacks were derived from a form of rush essay review. He argued that with proper treatment, blacks could be cured and become white.
Despite his public condemnations of slavery, Rush purchased a slave named William Grubber in To the consternation of many, Rush still owned Grubber when he joined the Pennsylvania Abolition Society in Rush deemed public punishments such as putting a person on display in stocks, common at the time, rush essay review, to be counterproductive. Instead, he proposed private confinement, labor, rush essay review, solitude, and religious instruction for criminals, and he opposed the death penalty.
Rush led the state of Pennsylvania to establish the first state penitentiary, the Walnut Street Prisonin Rush campaigned for long-term imprisonment, the denial of liberty, as both the most humane but severe punishment. This treatise was preceded by comments on the efficacy of the death penalty that he self-references and which, evidently, appeared in the second volume of the American Museum, rush essay review. After the Revolution, Rush proposed a new model rush essay review education for elite women that included English language, vocal music, dancing, sciences, bookkeeping, history, and moral philosophy.
He was instrumental to the founding of the Young Ladies' Academy of Philadelphia, the first chartered women's institution of higher education in Philadelphia. This type of education for elite women grew dramatically during the post-revolutionary period, as women claimed a role in creating the Republic.
And so, the ideal of Republican motherhood emerged, lauding women's responsibility of instructing the young in the obligations of patriotism, the blessings of liberty and the true meaning of Republicanism. He opposed coeducational classrooms and insisted on the need to instruct all youth in the Christian religion.
Rush was a leading proponent of heroic medicine. He firmly believed in such practices as bloodletting patients [40] a practice now known to be generally harmful, but at the time common practiceas well as purges using calomel and other toxic substances.
In his report on the Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic ofRush wrote: "I have found bleeding to be useful, not only in cases where the pulse was full and quick but where it was slow and tense, rush essay review.
I have bled twice in many and in one acute case four times, rush essay review, with the happiest effect. I consider intrepidity in the use of the lancetat present, to be necessary, as it is in the use of mercury and jalaprush essay review, in this insidious and ferocious disease. Even Rush acknowledged the failure of two treatments, sweats in vinegar-wrapped blankets accompanied by mercury rubs, and cold baths.
William Cobbett vociferously objected to Rush's extreme use of bloodletting, and even rush essay review Rush's day and location, many physicians had abandoned on scientific grounds this favorite remedy of Rush's former teachers Thomas Sydenham and Hermann Boerhaave, rush essay review.
Rush also wrote the first case report on dengue fever published in on a case from Rush concocted a mixture of calomelchlorine, jalap and mercury to create a proprietary purgative which he named "Dr Rush's Thunderbolts"; it was used by Captain Meriwether Lewis and Second Lieutenant William Clark during their expedition to the Pacific coast.
Another of Rush's medical views that now draws criticism is his analysis of race. In reviewing the case of Henry Moss, a slave who lost his dark skin color probably through vitiligoRush essay review characterized being black as a hereditary and curable skin disease. Rush wrote that the "disease, instead of inviting us [whites] to tyrannise over them [blacks], it should entitle them to a double portion of our humanity.
Rush was interested in Native American health. He wanted to find out why Native Americans were susceptible to certain illnesses and whether they suffered from higher mortality rates as compared to other people.
Other questions that he raised was whether or not they dreamed more or if their hair turned gray as they got older. His fascination with these people came from his interest in the theory that social scientists can better study the history of their own civilization by studying cultures in earlier stages of development, "primitive men".
In his autobiography, he writes "From a review of the three different species of settlers, it appears that there are certain regular stages which mark the progress from the savage to civilized life.
The first settler is nearly related to an Indian in his manners. In the second, the Indian manners are more diluted. It is in the third species only that we behold civilization completed. It is to the third species of settlers only that it is proper to apply the term of farmers.
While we record the voices of the first and second settlers, it is but just to mention their virtues likewise. Their mutual wants to produce mutual dependence; hence they are kind and friendly to each other. Their solitary situation makes visitors agreeable to rush essay review hence they are hospitable to a stranger, rush essay review. Rush published one of the first descriptions and treatments for psychiatric disorders rush essay review American medicine, Medical Inquiries and Observations, Upon the Diseases of the Mind
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Into the Wild by Sean Penn: In Search of the Self Into the Wild is an adaptation film of a non-fiction book written by John Krakauer in The movie is an American biographical drama film which was produced and directed by Sean Penn in Sep 14, · Please Review My Essay. In addition, the traffic office can fix this problem by improving rush-hour traffic systems. To exemplify this, at the same time, traffic lights and pedestrian crossings can be established to allow for shorter waiting times throughout the busy hours of each day. Together, these changes will help improve the traffic flow "The Threepenny Review is as lively and original a literary magazine as exists in this country. Mercifully compact, uncompromisingly elegant, animated by the curiosity of its editor, it mixes the legendary and eminent with the unknown, which the eminent were when Wendy Lesser first published them
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